Still, a 2014 study from researchers at Stanford and the University of Michigan finds positive effects for wages, relative to pay levels traditionally available through small stores and firms: Indeed, the “spread of these chains has been accompanied by higher wages. Some research suggests that small retailers in such malls indeed see more patrons, and municipalities that do attract big box stores can see increased tax revenue, although there may be revenue lost when smaller businesses fail. Instead, mall owners use their presence to attract smaller retailers that pay elevated rates in the hope of benefiting from the big stores. And because big-box stores dominate the malls in which they operate, subsidies continue long after opening day: A study of more than 2,500 stores found that 73 percent of mall anchors paid no rent. Louis region, with a substantial portion going to retail-oriented projects. A 2011 report by a Missouri metropolitan planning organization found that over 20 years, more than $5.8 billion had been given to private developers in the St. Other research has found that the arrival of Wal-Mart stores was associated with increased obesity of area residents, higher crime rates relative to communities that were not by stores, lower overall employment at the county level, and lower per-acre tax revenues than mixed-use development.ĭespite such well-documented effects, big-box retailers are often courted by cities and regions, as suggested by a 2014 paper from the Harvard Kennedy School.
According to 2014 research in Social Science Quarterly, a similar effect continues: On average, within 15 months of a new Wal-Mart store’s opening, as many as 14 existing retail establishments close. A 2008 study from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology indicates that Wal-Mart’s rapid expansion in the 1980s and 1990s was responsible for 40 percent to 50 percent of the decline in the number of small discount stores. While some big-box retailers have stumbled in recent years, the rise of Internet commerce and the increasing appeal of cities has helped them remain a powerful force: Wal-Mart alone is estimated to employ approximately 1 percent of the American workforce and reported nearly $486 billion in revenue for fiscal year 2015.Īll that retail and economic muscle hasn’t come without significant controversy. Then there are smaller chains - still huge by any measure - as well as “category killers” and all the diverse residents of the shopping-mall ecosystem. At the end of 2015, Wal-Mart had 4,614 stores and Supercenters in the United States, while Target operated 1,805 stores and Best Buy had 1,050. In the five decades since, the American retail landscape and built environment have been profoundly altered. Shoppers would arrive by car, not foot, so what mattered was highway access, acres of parking and massive scale. While the firms’ origins varied, their common focus was on deep discounts and suburban locations. big-box stores was 1962: In that one year, the first Walmart, Target and Kmart stores opened. Rep.) Costa Rica Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Estonia Finland France Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Global Greece Guatemala Guinea Honduras Hong Kong SAR, China Hungary ILC Legal Iceland India Indonesia Interaméricas Ireland (Republic of) Isle of Man Israel ישראל Italy Jamaica Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Kosovo Laos Latvia Liberia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Malta Mauritius Middle East Region Middle East Bahrain Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates West Bank Gaza Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Mozambique México Mexico Namibia Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Россия Rwanda Senegal Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Taiwan 臺灣 Tanzania Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Türkiye Uganda Ukraine Україна United Kingdom UK United States US USA U.S.Year zero in the history of U.S. Afrique Francophone Albania Andorra Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Barbados Belarus Belgium Belgique België Bermuda Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brasil British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Caribbean Cayman Islands Central and Eastern Europe Chad Channel Islands Chile China Colombia Congo (Brazzaville) Congo (Dem.
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